Mandelstam Sergey Leonidovich General data:
22.02.1910 - 26.11.1990
Place of birth: Odessa city, Kherson province, Russian Empire
Studied in: Moscow State University ( since 1940 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University) (1927-1931);
Key interests: decameter radio astronomy, astrophysics, solar physics, instruments and devices, physics, astronomy, space missions, solar corona. PhD Thesis: He was awarded the degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation. (1935 ); ScD Thesis: Research on the theory and practice of spectral analysis (1939 P. N. Lebedev Moscow Institute of Physics);
Biography:
He was born on February 9 (according to the Julian calendar, or 22 Gregorian calendar) February 1910 in Odessa city of Kherson province of the Russian Empire in the family of a scientist in the field of theoretical physics, radio physics, optics and quantum mechanics.
He mastered English, German and French.
In 1927 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, graduating in 1931, after which the student and associate of Academician G. S. Landsberg worked at the Research Institute of Physics at Moscow University as a junior researcher (according to other sources, assistant professor and then associate professor). During 1931-1941 he supervised seminars on general physics, a special workshop on optics and a reading course "spectroscopy".
Since 1935 (according to some data since 1936) he worked as head of the Laboratory of the P. N. Lebedev Institute of Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1935 he was awarded the degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation.
During 1944-1947 he was a professor at the I.V. Stalin Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys,
since 1947 he was Professor and since 1957 he was Head of the Department of Optics (now name is Quantum Optics) at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
In 1939 (according to other sources in 1940) he defended his dissertation at the P.N. Lebedev dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences on "Research in the theory and practice of spectral analysis".
In 1968, the scientist became the founder and first Director of the Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
On March 15, 1979, he was elected Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences by the Department of General physics and astronomy in "Physics".
Since 1957 to 1971 and since 1975 he was Chairman of the Commission(later the Scientific Council) for Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The scientist was also a member of the editorial boards of the journals: "Optics Spectroscopy" and "Journal of Applied Spectroscopy", as well as editorial boards of international journals "Electrochemistry Act" and "Optical Communication". he is member of the International Astronomical Union, German Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" since 1966, corresponding member of the International Academy of Astronautics since 1985.
In 1945 (according to other data in 1946) the scientist was awarded the Stalin Prize of the III degree for the development and implementation of equipment for spectral analysis of ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys.
Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 6, 1978 "For a series of works on X-rays of the Sun" the director was awarded the USSR State Prize in Science and Technology in 1977 as part of a large scientific team.
In 1977 he was awarded the D. S. Rozhdestvensky Prize by Academy of Sciences of the USSR "For a series of works on spectroscopy of highly ionized atoms".
He also received was awarded two orders of the Red Banner of Laborin 1971 and 1975, three orders "Badge of Honor" in 1945, 1950 and 1975, medals: "For Valiant Work" in 1946, "In Memory of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" in 1948, and "Veteran of Labor" in 1976 and the Order of Lenin in 1980 (or 1989).
He died on November 26, 1990. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow City.
The main scientific works of the scientist are devoted to atomic spectroscopy and its application, as well as extraatmospheric and X-ray astronomy.
He obtained and studied the spectra of highly ionized atoms in the laboratory and in the spectra of solar flares. He studied the conditions of ionization and excitation of atoms and ions in plasma,
expansion and shift of spectral lines. He first measured the temperature of lightning and developed a hydrodynamic theory of spark discharge. He has performed extensive research on the theory and practice of spectral analysis and its implementation in industry.
The theoretical and experimental foundations of a new scientific field - X-ray solar astrophysics were laid by him.
Under the guidance of the scientist developed a large number of original designs of onboard scientific equipment, characterized by high reliability in use, pioneering studies of shortwave radiation of astrophysical objects using geophysical rockets and artificial satellites of the Earth.
He comprehensively studied the X-rays of the Sun, found that it is mainly thermal in nature and consists of quasi-constants and components that change slowly.
He discovered the polarization of radiation, studied the spectra, structures and localization of X-ray flashes.
At his initiative, a device for recording solar X-rays was installed on the second artificial satellite of the Earth, which was launched on November 3, 1957.
Together with the staff of the Institute of Spectroscopy, the scientist in 1963 obtained the first in the USSR photograph of the Sun in the X-ray range, and in 1965 for the first time measured the linear spectrum of the solar corona.
up to a wavelength of 9, 5 A, as well as constructed the first in the USSR specialized solar observatories on the satellites "Cosmos-166", which was launched on October 25, 1967 and "Cosmos-230", launched on November 2, 1968. Also headed the scientific Intercosmos 1 mission program. It was a satellite launched on October 14, 1969 to measure the polarization of solar flares. But, alas, it disintegrated in orbit ten weeks later. In these studies, new important scientific results in the physics of the solar corona were obtained: in 1962, the thermal nature of X-rays of the "calm" Sun was established; in 1963 a method for predicting X-ray flux from radio data was developed; in 1965 a new class of X-ray flashes that were not accompanied by chromospheric ones was discovered; in 1968 the fine structure of the X-ray nucleus of the flash was studied; in 1969 the polarization of X-rays of flashes was revealed; in 1971, the so-called "satellite" lines excited by dielectric recombination were experimentally discovered; In 1975, it was found that the duration of electron injection into the flash area reaches tens of minutes.Experiments were also conducted on the 2nd and 3rd artificial satellites of the Earth, space stations "Electron-2", "Electron-3", long-distance space probe "Venus-2", solar orbital satellite "Space-230", international stations "Intercosmos-4", "Intercosmos-7", "Intercosmos-11", "Intercosmos-16", geophysical missiles "Vertical-1", "Vertical-2", "Vertical-7", "Vertical-8", "Vertical-9", "Vertical-9", "Vertical-I", orbital stations "Salyut-4", "Salyut-6", "Salyut-7" and "Mir".
Main publications:
1. Новые наблюдательные данные о рентгеновских вспышках и активных областях на Солнце/И.А. Житник, С.Л. Мандельштам, И.П. Тиндо, А.М. Урнов//Успехи физических наук, 145 - С. 530–532
2. Спектры рентгеновских вспышек на Солнце/И.А. Житник, Э.Я. Кононов, В.В. Корнеев и др.//Успехи физических наук, 128 - С. 722–725 (1979)
3. Спектроскопия высокоионизованных атомов/С.Л. Мандельштам, Э.Я. Кононов//Успехи физических наук, 117 - С. 565–568 (1975)
4. Поляризация излучения и спектр рентгеновских вспышек на Солнце/С.Л. Мандельштам//Успехи физических наук, 107 -С. 156–157 (1972)
Sources:
1 sm.evg-rumjantsev.ru
2 ru.wikipedia.org
3 Храмов Ю. А. Мандельштам Сергей Леонидович // Физики: Биографический справочник / Под ред. А. И. Ахиезера. — Изд. 2-е, испр. и дополн. — М.: Наука, 1983. — С. 178. — 400 с- С.
4 ras.ru
