Puluj [Pulguy] Ivan Pavlovich General data:
02.02.1845 - 31.01.1918
Place of birth: Grimyliv village, Halychyna region, Austro-Hungarian Empire
Studied in: Vienna University, Austro-Hungarian Empire (since 1945, Vienna University, Republic of Austria) (1865-1869); Vienna University, Austro-Hungarian Empire (since 1945, Vienna University, Republic of Austria) (1869-1873); University of Strasbourg, Imperial Land of Alsace-Lorraine, German Empire (since 1 January 2016, University of Strasbourg, Administrative Region of Grande Est, French Republic) (1878);
Key interests: instruments and devices, variable stars, physics, mathematisc, astronomy, theology, stellar evolution. ScD Thesis: Dependence of internal friction of gases on temperatur (1878 Strasbourg University);
Biography:
He was born on February 2, 1845 in Grimayliv village of Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region of Ukraine (then the Galicia region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the family of wealthy burghers (according to some reports of the Greek Catholic priest, the original surname is Pulhui, since 1883 his surname was Pulyuy.
In 1865 he graduated from the classical gymnasium in Ternopilbcity with honors, where he entered in 1857. While studying in a gymnasium, the young Puluj and his associates establish a secret student community.Its members studied Ukrainian literature, history. The young man's greatest skill was in physics and mathematics, he had phenomenal memory on the numbers. With 5 guilders in his pocket on foot, went to Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary, to continue education.
In 1867, he organized a student cultural and propagandistic society "Sich," whose main goal was to counteract the actions of Polish and Russian societies, which spread the most unhappy rumors about Ukrainians ...
In 1869, the future scientist with distinction graduated from the Theological Department of the University of Vienna, where he joined in 1965. He was not ordained to the priest and in the same year he enrolled in the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Faculty of Philosophy, which he graduated in 1873 (according to other data, after completing his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy in 1872, I. Puluj remained for research work in the physics laboratory of the university) and during 1874-1875 he was a lecturer in the Department of Physics, Mechanics and Mathematics of the Naval Academy in Rijeka city(at that time Fium city) in Croatia (according to some data, the young scientist was invited to the position of teaching assistant as early as 1872).
In the last year of study at the seminary, Puluj attended lectures in mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University of Vienna.
He founded the "Labor" society.
He wrote in 1870 (according to other data in 1869) in the Ukrainian language "Prayerbook", the following year, together with P. Kulis and I. Nechuy-Levytsky, translated the Scripture of the New Testament into Ukrainian. It was here that particularly useful knowledge of 15 foreign languages, including Church Slavonic, Old Testament Hebrew and Greek. In the same year, the Gospel of Matea, Mark, Luke, and Ivan was published in Vienna this year. And only in 1903, with the active participation of I. Puluj, P. Kulish completed the translation of the Old Testament and printed the first full Ukrainian translation of the Bible.
In 1871 he first wrote a textbook on geometry in Ukrainian.
Autumn of 1875 enrolled in the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Strasbourg in the specialty physics (electromechanics). In 1878 (according to other data in 1876), he defended a doctoral dissertation under Professor Augustus Kundt for a degree in natural philosophy entitled "Dependence of internal friction of gases on temperature". Since that year he worked as a private assistant professor of the Department of Physics and Mathematics of the University.
In 1884 he married his student Catherine Stozitskaya. In marriage, 15 children were born, but only six children survived - three sons and three daughters. There are data that the family even adopted, it was, still a boy who was wearing the name of the adoptive parent.
In 1887 he headed the Department of Physics of the German Polytechnic in Prague. In 1888, the professors were elected rector of the German Polytechnic, and in 1890 he was elected dean of the Mechanical Engineering Faculty. With his active participation, plans and projects for the construction of the Modern Electrotechnical Institute were prepared, and in 1902 a separate department of electrical engineering was created, which he headed for before retiring in 1916.
Its great merit in the creation of a power plant operating in alternating current in Prague was the launch of a number of DC power stations in Hungary. The first systematically studied the cold light, which is now called neon. He suggested the concept of telephone exchanges and subscriber units. In 1881, he invented a portable lamp for mines. He wrote a textbook on geometry, electricity.
In 1880, (14 years before a German scientist Roentgen) in search of cold light, he invented a handle known as the "Bullet Lamp", which was awarded a silver medal at the World Electrical Exhibition in Paris in 1881. Since 1881, it began to be produced serially. Having perfected it, he produced a handle that had neon features of modern "X-ray". In experiments with them it was he, and not X-ray (his student) discovered cathodic (now "X-ray"), found their nature. Having published the work "Shining electron matter and the fourth state of matter,"I.P. Puluj shared with his X-rays his thoughts about mysterious rays. He discovered "Unknown Rays" by chance (as he himself spoke), manipulating the "Bullet Lamp" on November 8, 1895. Although he knew that I. P. Puluj had opened these rays for a long time, in his articles, the articles did not mention a Ukrainian scientist in a word.
On February 15, 1896 in Prague city, I. P. Puluj made a public report "On Invisible Rays and Photos of the Invisible", showed pictures (a picture of a broken arm of an 13-year-old boy, a picture of his daughter's hand with a spike underneath it, and a stillbirth-like skeleton shot a child, a series of radiographs of human organs), made with the help of their rotors (samples of the 80's). They differed from the snapshots of X-ray high-quality, were unsurpassed by the technique of execution. But it was too late. In 1896, the first operation with the use of radiation diagnostics was carried out in the clinic of Kyiv University. The priority of the opening was recognized by X-ray, which in 1901 the first among physicists was awarded the Nobel Prize. And the "Bullet Lamp" went into oblivion, some of them are still kept at the Vienna Technical Museum.
He was a member and one of the founders of the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv City.
In 1883, the scientist also designed a lamp for alternating currents of high voltage. Shoot at the same time improved incandescent lamps with carbon electrodes. In addition, he constructed a number of devices and invented experiments to demonstrate various physical phenomena: resonance, propagation and interference of transverse waves, free fall of bodies in a vacuum. Important for scientific experiments and for technical needs is the telethermometer invented by I. P. Puluj, designed to measure temperature in remote places. The action of this device is based on the increase in electrical resistance of metal wires and the decrease in resistance of carbon filaments with increasing temperature. The Puluj's telethermometer allows you to determine the temperature in deep mines, seas, high in the mountains. He also invented several electrical devices, in particular, a safe telephone station in 1896 p., patented in many European countries.
In 1916, our compatriot could even become the Minister of Education of Austria. But due to health problems, the scientist had to give up the prestigious portfolio. But he created a society in Prague that helped Ukrainian emigrants and separately founded a fund to help talented students.
The life of the 73-year-old adviser to the imperial court (Czar Franz Joseph) and electrical engineering adviser to the Czech Republic and Moravia, laureate of many state awards of Austria-Hungary, ended in Prague on January 30, 1918.
In Soviet times, he was completely silent. The system could not forgive the fact that the son was an officer of the UHA, who became a prominent figure in the OUN in the west, and his daughter, together with her husband, composer V. Barvinsky, was sentenced to 10 years of Stalinist concentration camps for the fact that her two sons fell under the Brothers in the division "Galicia "And two daughters fled to Vienna.
He is physicist, mathematician, astronomer, geologist, philosopher, electrical engineer, brilliant teacher, publicist, public-political figure.
The scientist is the author of about 50 scientific works in Ukrainian, German and English, mainly on the problem of cathode radiation and X-rays. His works on astronomy, including "New and Variable Stars", 1995, have also been fulfilled.
In 1995, a postage stamp of Ukraine dedicated to I. P. Puluj was issued.
Main publications:
1. Пулюй І. “Молитвенник”, 1870
2. Пулюй І. “Сяюча електронна матерія і четвертий стан речовини”
3. Puljuy I. P. Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie //Wiener Berichte — 1880. — 81. — S.864 −923
4. Puljuy I. P. Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie //Wiener Berichte — 1881. — 83. — S.402 −420
Sources:
1 Корифеї української науки. Нариси про видатних діячів науки і техніки. Фізико-математичні науки. Біоголічні науки. Хімічні та медичні науки.
2 ru.wikipedia.org
3 Рокіцький Олександр Михайлович. Іван Пулюй у світовій науці й культурі: Дис… канд. іст. наук: 07.00.07 / Тернопільський держ. технічний ун-т ім. Івана Пулюя — К., 2002. — 175
4 Лазарюк В. В тени сияния собственного открытия. «Зеркало недели» № 45, 19 ноября 2005.
