Shklovsky Joseph Samuilovich General data:
01.07.1916 - 03.03.1985
Place of birth: Glukhiv city, Chernigov province, Russian Empire (now the Sumy region, Ukraine)
Studied in: Moscow State University (since 1940 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University) (1935-1938); V.V. Kuibyshev Far Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Vladivostok (since 2002, Far Eastern State Technical University, which was included to the Far Eastern Federal University in 2011) (1933-1935);
Key interests: theoretical astronomy, solar photosphere and chromosphere, decameter radio astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, theoretical astrophysics, sources of stellar energy, stellar evolution, solar corona, emission nebulae, Galaxy structure. PhD Thesis: The electron temperature in astrophysics (1944 P. K. Sternberg Moscow State Astronomical Institute);
Biography:
He was born on June 18th (on the Julian calendar and July 1 on the Gregorian calendar) in 1916 in the Glukhov city of the Chernigov province of the Russian Empire (now Sumy region of Ukraine) in a Jewish family of a small trader, who died in 1919 in the whirlwind of the Bolshevik revolution, and was later brought up in the family of his stepfather.
In 1931, the boy graduated from a seven-year school in Akmolinsk city in Kazakh SSR (now the capital of Kazakhstan Astana City).
He began his career in the building of the Baikal-Amur Highway in 1932, having a kind of 16 years.
In 1933, J. S. Shklovsky start study in V.V. Kuibyshe Far Eastern Polytechnic Institute in the Vladivostok School of Physics and Mathematics and in 2 years he was transferred to the Moscow State University.
In 1938, after graduating from the Physics Department of the Moscow State University, young physics-optics was admitted to the postgraduate study at the Department of Astrophysics at the P. K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute to led by N. N. Pariysky. After its graduation in 1942, he was enrolled in Astronomical Institute of Moskow City as a senior laboratory assistant.
The scientist was engaged in the theory of the origin of cosmic radio emission. He, in 1944, independently of H. van de Hüllsta, predicted the existence of a spectral line of neutral hydrogen in the radio diapason, which in 1951 was found by H. Yuin and E. Persell. In 1948, he presented the report, which set out a detailed calculation of neutral hydrogen radiolines with a wavelength of 21 cm and showed that the intensity of the radiation of the galaxy in this line is sufficient to detect it using existing equipment.
When the Second World War began, they were not taken to the front due to the strongest short-sightedness - "minus 10" and the young postgraduate student of Astronomical Institute of Moskow City was among those who were evacuated from Moscow City to Ashgabat city and then to Sverdlovsk city. In 1943, he returned to Moscow City with his family. In Ashgabat city a young teacher gave lectures to only one student who was S. B. Pickelner.
In 1944 he defended his Ph.D. thesis "Electronic Temperature in Astrophysics" on the Department of Astrophysics at P. K. Sternberg Moscow State Astronomical Institute. N.N. Pariysky was his scientific supervisor.
During 1944-1949, the scientist was engaged in the development of a general theory of the corona of the Sun and the theory of radio emission of the Sun. He carried out research on the chemical composition and state of ionization of the solar corona. He showed that in the inner crown the main mechanism of excitation is the electron impact and developed the theory of this process. He also showed that in the outer crown, the radiation of the solar photosphere plays a major role in breaking the spectral lines of highly ionized iron atoms. It has been found that in the wavelength region shorter than 1500 Å, the solar spectrum should consist of emission lines. For the first time he noted the important role of solar X-ray in the formation of the D-layer of the Earth's ionosphere. Gav, regardless of V. L. Ginzburg and the English astronomer D. Martin, interpreted the radio emission of the "calm" Sun as the thermal radiation of the upper chromosphere (on centimeter waves) and the crown (on meter waves). In 1946, for the first time, put forward a hypothesis that explains the bursts of solar radiation by plasma oscillations in the crown arising from the flow of energetic particles through it.
He participated in an expedition to the Capricorn Tropic in Brazil in the spring - in the first half of 1947.
In 1949 (according to other data in 1948) he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theory of the solar coronaat the department of astrophysics of P. K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute. Since that time astronomer worked as a Senior Research Fellow of Pulkovo observatory.
Since 1949 he worked at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory for half a pound.
In 1949, he pointed out the possibility of observing interstellar molecules in the radio range. In 1952, he considered the continuous radio emission of the Galaxy and pointed to the spectral differences of radiation coming from low and high galactic latitudes. Envisaged the existence of thermal radio emission of zones H II (ionized hydrogen) and identified some areas H II in the sky with sources of centimeter and decimetre waves. The sources emitting in the meter range are identified with the remnants of supernovae flashes.
In 1950 together with V.I. Krasovsky he according to rocket launches, discovered at a height of 80-85 km the maximum emission of OH-hydroxyl molecules, which leads to the formation of water molecules under the action of ultraviolet rays and the formation of silver clouds as a result of their condensation.
In the same 1952 scientist concluded that the spherical component of the radio emission of the Galaxy is a non-thermal, synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons in their inhibition in magnetic fields.
In 1953-1954 in P. K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute he read his first fundamental course in radio astronomy.
In 1953 he organized and headed the Department of Radio Astronomy at the P. K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute of the Moscow University, which quickly became a department of virtually all-wave astronomy.
In 1953 he substantiated the statement that the bulk of the energy emitted by the Crabbody nebula was radiated by J. Bolton and G. Stanley in 1949 as a powerful source of radiofrequency of Taurus A in a wide range of electromagnetic waves due to the inhibition of relativistic electrons in a magnetic field that penetrates this dullness In 1954, this prediction was confirmed by observations.
In 1956 he proposed the first very complete evolutionary scheme of the planetary nebula and its nucleus. For the first time he pointed to stars of the type of red giants with a moderate mass as potential precursors of planetary nebulae and their nuclei.
In 1959 J. S. Shklovsky considered the orbital motion of the inner satellite of Mars, Phobos. He came to the conclusion that his orbit is decreasing and it is indicated that, if it was due to friction with the Martian atmosphere, the satellite should have an extremely low density. He came to the unexpected conclusion that the satellite of Mars is an artificial, hollow, and essentially gigantic ship. All this hypothesis was denied by the scientific community.
In June 1961, participated in the All-Union Conference on Cosmic Rays, which should begin in Borjomi, and end in Yerevan.
In 1963, he expressed the hypothesis of the variability of optical radiation of quasars. According to his suggestion, the employees of P.K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute Yu. N. Efremov and A. S. Sharov studied the old photos of the quasar 3C 273 as a result of which the hypothesis of the scientist was confirmed. Then in the series of works 1963-1964 astronomer showed that the chemical composition of quasars coincides with the normal (that is, identical to the solar). In 1965, he predicted the radio frequency variability of active nuclei of galaxies and quasars and developed the theory of this effect, which was later fully confirmed by observations.
In 1967, before the discovery of the pulsars, having analyzed the radiation source Scorpion X-1 in the optical and X-ray bands, it was right to conclude that radiation is generated by accretion of a neutron star.
In 1960 he became a laureate of the Lenin Prize for the concept of an artificial comet.
In 1966 he became a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
The scientist was a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, since 1966, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, since 1972, the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
In 1967, until the discovery of a pulsar, the researcher investigated in the X-ray and optical radiation ranges Scorpius X-1 and came to the conclusion that radiation comes from accretion neutron stars.
Together with V.I. Krasovskiy he estimated that in the 5 billion years of the existence of the Sun near him (10-20 pic), about a dozen supernovas fluttered and came to the conclusion that the supernova plays an important role in the evolution of the solar system. He believed that the source of most of the observed cosmic rays on the Earth are supernovas.
During 1972-1985 he was the head of the Department of Astrophysics at the Space Research Institute in Moscow, and began work at the Institute in 1968.
In 1972, the scientist received the gold medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society. K. Bruce, who amongst astronomers and astrophysicists is quoted as equally as Nobel Prize among physicists.
At the end of April 1972 he was a member of the Soviet-French meeting in Tbilisi, devoted to discussing joint projects of various cosmic experiments. Five years before, in the spring of 1967, the scholar was also at a similar meeting in Paris, where they discussed a joint project titled Roseau.
The scientist sharply criticized the hypothesis of B. P. Konstantinov and M. M. Bredov, put forward by them in 1966, that comets consist of antimatter and comet meteors - also, which was hunted on the fact that when spilling meteors supposedly increases the intensity of gamma -rays and neutrons ...
He died March 3, 1985 in Moscow City and was buried at the Vostryakiv cemetery.
He is the author of nine books and more than three hundred scientific publications. The main area of activity is astronomy and astrophysics. Also known as the author of works on the problems of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and popular science articles. He showed great interest in the study of sporadic radiation of the Sun, putting forward the hypothesis of the own fluctuations of the plasma of the outer corona, which are excited by the flow of ions moving everywhere with the plasma with supersonic velocities.
J. S. Shklovsky fought against the discrimination of scientists, gross violation of the principles of internationalism in Soviet politics, growing state anti-Semitism in the USSR. Restrictions on the arrival of Jews in universities and discrimination in career advancement in scientific institutions deeply disturbed the scientist. The Soviet party organs did their utmost to ensure that a scientist of world renown, whose opinion was listened to throughout the world, was silent. First of all, he was deprived of traveling abroad at a conference - in 1961, the Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in the United States and in 1964 in Germany. In 1966, the scientist was given the opportunity to go to the Congress of relativistic astrophysics in New York City, a symposium on relativistic astrophysics in January 1967, held in the United States. After the events of 1968, he again became "inevitable," in 1973, he was not released into Australia, at the symposium of International Astronomical Union. J. S. Shklovskii boldly defended dissident Kronid Lyubarsky, and also supported Andriy Sakharov. In 1976, the authorities again denied the scientist the opportunity to make a scientific report in Grenoble in France, only in 1979, at the very last moment he was given a visa to Canada, at a symposium in Montreal. After the meeting, Israeli scientist Yuval Neeman suggested that J. S. Shklovsky flew to Israel, but he refused.
The field of scientific work of the scientist is the study of the Sun, the radio emission of our galaxy, the nature of the flashes of supernovas, quasars, pulsars and X-ray sources, the problem of the search for extraterrestrial civilizations, the evolution of stars and planetary systems, theoretical astrophysics, and radio astronomy and cosmology.
Working on the problem of finding extraterrestrial civilizations in the mid-1970s, he formulated the concept of the Cosmic Miracle as a result of the activities of supercivilizations and proposed the idea of the unity of our civilization throughout the vast Universe. In the last article, he rejects the idea of uniqueness and puts forward an even more disappointing hypothesis "deadlock branches".
Astronomer had a great talent artist. After him there are many drawings, quick sketches, cartoons. A magnificent self-portrait of 1958, depicted on a sheet of notebook, reproduced in the article by R. N. Bricevel "The first years of radio astronomy" in the book by V. T. Sullivan (Cambridge Univ. Press 1984).
in 1972 the Asteroid number 2849 was named after the astronomer's named "Shklovsky" by his collet M. Chernykh. The crater on the satellite of Mars Phobos is also named after his name.
Main publications:
1. Шкловский И. С. О расстоянии до радиогалактик 3С 286 и 3С 196. — АЦ, 1963, 256, 1 — 2.
2. Шкловский И. С. — Радиоастрономия. Популярный очерк. Изд. 2, 1955.- 296 с.
3. Шкловский И. С. Втораяэволюция подходит к концу.- Вопр. философии, 1979, №9, С. 54-69
4. Шкловский И. С. Звезды: их рождение, жизни и смерть. 3-е изд.- М.: Наука, 1984.- 304 с.
Sources:
1 Hockey T., Trimble V., Williams Th. R., et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. — New York: Springer, 2007.—Vol. 1, 2.—1341 p.
2 Колчинский И. Г., Корсунь А. А., Родригес М. Г. Астрономы: Биографический справочник. — Киев: Наук. думка, 1986.—510 с.-С.377-378
3 Кайдановский Н. Л. У истоков радиоастрономии // историко-астрономические исследования.-Москва: Наука, 1986.- С.27-28
4 Курт В. Г. И. С. Шкловский — выдающийся астроном // Историко-астрономические исследования.—2008.—Вып. 33.—С. 276—288.
