Shulman [Shul'man] Leonid Markovch General data:
03.12.1936 - 05.10.2007
Place of birth: Kyiv City, Kyiv region, Ukrainian SSR
Studied in: T. G. Shevchenko Kyiv Order of Lenin State University (since 1999 Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University) (1959);
Key interests: history of astronomy, decameter radio astronomy, physics of comets, astrometry, instruments and devices, variable stars, stellar evolution, reference systems, geophysics, popularization of astronomy. PhD Thesis: Dynamics of neutral matter in the perinuclear region of the comet (1972 University of Tartu); ScD Thesis: The physical model of the comet's nucleus (1987 Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR);
Biography:
He was born on December 3, 1936 in Kyiv City of Kyiv region of the Ukrainian SSR in a Jewish family. The father was a major in the Red Army, the head of the line communications department, and the mother was a telephone operator at the October Hospital in Kyiv Сity.
In 1959 he graduated from the T. G. Shevchenko Order of Lenin State University. He studied at the Department of Astronomy and Space Physics. After graduating from university, he was officially awarded a diploma with honors by one of the five strongest students who already had a scientific publication at the time.
According to the distribution of young specialists, he was sent to work as a mathematics teacher in one of the rural schools in the current Chernobyl zone.
Returning to Kyiv City and getting a job at the Kyiv Planetarium, where he worked as a lecturer during 1958-1961.
In 1960 he joined the newly formed group of astrophysicist theorists in the astrophysics department of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR under the leadership of V. V. Profiriev.
During 1961-1962 he worked as a senior researcher at the University of Kyiv Astronomical Observatory.
He later entered the graduate school of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. V. P. Konoplyova was his scientific supervisor. According to other data, during 1962-1965 he studied at the graduate school of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR under the guidance of Moscow Professor D. A. Frank-Kamenetsky.
After graduating from graduate school he worked at the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR during 1965-2007. During 1978-1986 he headed the laboratory of experimental astrophysics, during 1986-1994 (according to other data during 1983-1993) was the head of the department of the same name. In 1994-2006 he worked as the chief researcher of the laboratory of physics and astronomy of low-temperature astronomical objects.
In 1972 he defended his dissertation 'Dynamics of neutral matter in the perinuclear region of the comet' at the University of Tartu. According to other sources, his thesis was devoted to type III radio bursts on the Sun.
In 1987 he defended his doctoral dissertation 'Physical model of the comet's nucleus' at the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
Since 1973 he was a member of the International Astronomical Union, elected a member of the Organizing Committee of Commission No. 15 of the International Astronomical Union "Physics of Small Bodies of the Solar System", was Deputy Chairman of the Working Group "Solar System" of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was a member of the Bureau of the Pushchina Radio Astronomy Observatory of the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (FIAN).
He was actively involved in teaching and promoting science. He taught a special course "Physics and Chemistry of Comets" to students-astronomers of the University of Kiev, the author of the programs of this special course, published by the University of Kiev.
The scientist also paid considerable attention to socio-political activities. From the first days of the Rukh's establishment, he became a member and was a member of its Grand Council for three years in a row. He has published about 60 journalistic articles. A number of conceptual publications on the issues of market economy, nuclear energy in Ukraine, the development of science and other issues were published in the newspapers "Business Ukraine", "Svoboda", "Dzerkalo Tyzhnia", magazines "Viche", "Economist", "Suchasnist" and other newspapers.
In 1989 (according to other sources in 1990) he became a laureate of the F. A. Bredikhin Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the monograph "Nuclei of Comets", and in 2007 he became a laureate of the M. P. Barabashov Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the series of works "Discovery and research of new physical phenomena in the nuclei and atmospheres of comets".
He died on October 5, 2007 in the Terskol village (according to other data in the Kyiv City).
The field of scientific work of the astronomer is the physics of comets. Together with V. P. Konoplyova, he is the founder of the Scientific School of Comet Physics at the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He developed theories of the comet nucleus and neutral atmosphere, proposed several fundamentally new ideas and ideas in comet physics, including: the mechanism of formation of complex organic compounds in comet nuclei through radiation polymerization under the action of cosmic rays; theory of formation and evolution of surface dust layers of cometary nuclei taking into account the phenomenon of fluidization; theory of gas flow in the near-wall layer of the comet nucleus; gas-dynamic and kinetic theory of neutral-gas atmospheres of comets; diffusion model of the comet's plasma tail; the mechanism of activity of comets at great distances from the Sun, also the hypothesis of ion-molecular clusters as a possible internal energy source of cometary nuclei and others. Together with G. K. Nazarchuk in 1985 discovered the luminescence of comet dust. Also, in the 1970s, he actually formulated a new direction in astronomy - solid-state astrophysics. He develops the basics of the theory of dust formation in the hot atmospheres of R-type Coronae Borealis supergiants.
He is the author of more than 190 publications, including three monographs.
In recent years, Ukraine has known the scientist as a passionate and extremely honest publicist. In his numerous articles in the columns of the magazine "Modernity", on the site "Maidan", in other paper and electronic publications, he fought against "Ukraine-eating", against the deintellectualization of our society, against the imposition of the role of "banana republic" in Ukraine. He believed in human decency, he believed in the victory of reason, he believed in the future of Ukraine as a highly developed, highly intellectual state.
In his honor and his wife Nazarchuk G. K. named the small planet №4187 "Shulmazaria".
Main publications:
1. Шульман Л. М. Динамика кометных атмосфер. Нейтральный газ. - К.: Наук. думка, 1972, - 244с.
2. Коноплева В. П., Назарчук Г. К., Шульман Л. М. Поверхносная фотометрия комет. - К.: Наук. думка, 1977. - 268с.
3. Корсунь А.О., Лісіна Л.Р., Пілюгін Л.С., Алікаєва К.В., Бурлов-Васильєв К.О., Данилевський В.О., Іванчук В.І., Кислюк В.С., Климишин І.А. , Ковальчук Г.У., Костик Р.І., Ненахова К.М., Перетятко М.М., Переход О.В., Родрігес М.Г., Тельнюк-Адамчук В.В., Шульман Л.М., Е.Г. Яновицький Е.Г. Астрономічний енциклопедичний словник/ За заг. ред. І. А. Климишина та А. О. Корсунь.- Львів: Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України, 2003.- 548с.
4. Дефузная модель кометы /Назарчук Г. К., Шульман Л. М. // Межведом. науч. сб. "Проблемы космической физики, Изд-во КДУ , 1969, в.3
Sources:
1 Шульман Леонід Маркович: біобібліографічний покажчик — Київ: ГАО НАН України, 2006.—67 с.
2 Pavlenko Ya. V., Vavilova I. B., Kostiuk Т. Astronomy in Ukraine. Organizations and strategies in astronomy. — Springer-Verlag, 2005.—Vol. 6.—P. 22
3 Ботвінова В.В. Перелік дисертацій на здобуття вченого ступеня доктора (кандидата) фізико-математичних наук, виконаних в Головній астрономічній обсерваторії Національної академії наук України в 1944-1993рр. //50 років Головній астрономічній обсерваторії / Під ред. Яцківа Я.С. - Київ, 1994.-320с.- С.305, 307
4 Ефименко В.М., Иванчук В.И. «О роли Е.А.Пономарева в создании Киевской корональной школы». С. 6
