Tikhov Gabriel Adrianovich General data:
Born: 01.05.1875
Place of birth: Smolevichi city (according to other data, Wittgenstein village), Minsk province, Russian empire
Studied in: Imperial Moscow University (since 1940 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University) (1893-1897); Paris University (Sorbona), French Republic (1898-1900);
Key interests: astrophysics, physics of planets, observational astronomy, photographic astrometry, photometry, instruments and devices, mathematisc, astronomy, solar corona
Biography:
He was born on April 19 (according to the Julian calendar or May 1, according to the Gregorian calendar) in 1875 in the Smolevichi town (according to other data in the Wittgenstein village) of the Minsk province of the Russian Empire family of the railroad employee.
He began studying at the Pavlodar gymnasium, and completed his secondary education at the Simferopol Gymnasium.
Already in the gymnasium he was forced to attend tutoring. In preparation for his admission to the gymnasium of Nikolai Tokmakov, he met with the professor of physics at the Smolny Institute of noble girls in St. Petersburg, Chernov, who gave the boy the first lessons of astronomy, and later the parents of one of his students presented a sliding sea telescope. In addition, among the various hobbies of GA Tikhov was poetry and painting.
In 1897 he graduated from the Imperial Moscow University, in the Department of Mathematical Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics he joined in 1893. In Moscow City, he attended the astronomical tower at the Schwabe Optical Store on the Kuznetsky Bridge, where K. D. Pokrovsky who was assistant of Moscow University Observatory, explained. Since the second year, I was engaged in astronomy under the guidance of Professor of Astronomy V. K. Tserassky at the University Observatory. And before this on vacation after the first year, he built a small observatory in Smolevich, where he installed an astronomical tube with a 54 mm diameter lens of the company "Reinfelder and Hertler". The following summer of 1895, he became interested in botany and read several books, including "The Life of Plants" by K. A. Timiryazev. Already in the third year his attraction to astrophysics was determined - in particular, to the study of spectral double stars; At that time, the first publication of Tikhova appeared in French in the Italian magazine.
During 1898-1900, he continued his education at the University of Paris and worked as a practitioner at the Medon Observatory under the direction of P. J. S. Jansen. In the Sorbonne he was engaged in physical and chemical laboratories, but unsuccessfully because of the disadvantages of organizations conducting laboratory works, as evidenced an astronomer in his memoirs. On the night of November 14th to 15th, 1899, along with the French aeronautics, on the proposal of P.J.S. Jansen, he observed the "falling stars" of Leonids in the aeroclub Aeroclub. In the same 1899, he photographed the Sun spectrum twice in the Mont Blanc peak of the observatory by using a special diffraction spectrograph constructed in his drawings. Returning to the Russian Empire, she received a master's degree and taught mathematics in Moscow since 1902 in the 6th Gymnasium, and a year later he did it in the Katerynoslav city of the Azov Province of the Russian Empire (now Dnipro city, Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine) in the Highest Mining School.
Upon his return from France, he worked as a calculator at the Pulkovo Observatory as a temporary worker, periodically, in particular, on the instructions of Belopolsky A. A., he measured and processed the spectra of the star β Viznichy in May-June 1904. During 1906-1941, from with some breaks, worked at the Pulkovo Observatory as an extra-ordinary adjunct-astronomer.
In the spring of 1906, together with Ganskiy A. P., an expedition was conducted to the Crimea on the Ai-Petri pass near the meteorological observatory of KF Lewandowski to study zodiacal light and study the quality of images.
He conducted observations of Mars during the great confrontation in 1909, which was the birth of a new science of astrobotany, which is believed to be the predecessor of exobiology.
With the foundation of the astronomical section of the Russian Society of World Recognition in 1912, he became its head. In 1917 he was mobilized into the army; Served near Kiev in the Central Air Navigation Station of the Military School of Observer Pilots. For the service in Kiev received the rank of a corporal.
During 1919-1931 he taught at the Petrograd University (later Leningrad State University), having a post of associate professor. Among the students he read in the course of astrophysics in 1919, astronomers V.A. Ambartsumyan, N.A. Kozyrev, V.P. Tsesevich, V. B. Nikonov were known in the future. In 1919 he organized and for 30 years headed the astrophysical department at the PF Lesgaft State Institute of Natural History in Leningrad, played an important role in the training of Soviet astrophysicists.
In 1927 he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the category of mathematical sciences (astronomy) Department of Physics and Mathematics.
In 1930, he founded an aerophotometric laboratory at the Leningrad Branch of the State Institute of Geodesy and Cartography.
In September 1930 he was arrested in connection with the "Case of the Academy of Sciences", spent several months in prison.
In 1934 he defended his doctoral dissertation.
Since 1941 he lived in Alma-Ata, worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In July 1941 Pulkovo was to send an expedition to Alma-Ata, but the Great Patriotic War of the USSR against the Nazi Hitlerite, which was part of the Second World War, began and the planned expedition gradually turned into evacuation ... Together with K. I. Satpayev , V. G. Fesenkov and a number of other scientists became the founder of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan in 1946, the Institute of Astronomy and Physics, also the Kamyanets Plateau Observatory. Since 1947 he headed the initiative of the Astrobotany Academy of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.
In 1949 he received the title of professor.
In 1946 he was awarded the title "Honored Scientist of the Kazakh SSR".
During 1947 - 1954 he was a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR.
The scientist was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1953, June 10, 1945, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1912 and received two awards from the Russian Astronomical Society, one of which in 1909, also French Astronomical Society in 1912.
In 1959 he was elected an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR.
Astronomer was a member of several foreign academies of sciences: Honorary Member of the American Astronomical Society of 1946 and the South American Society for Interplanetary Studies in Argentina since 1958.
Jan. 25, 1960 in Alma-Ata city the scientist died.
The main scientific work of the scientist is devoted to photometry and colorimetry of stars and planets, atmospheric optics. He proposed two methods for detecting the dispersion of light in an interstellar medium. The first method, the method for detecting the light dispersion in interstellar medium by the phase difference of the curves of the radiation velocities of the spectral-double vision, measured by spectral absorption spectra, was proposed in 1898, and after ten years, in 1908, a method for detecting dispersion was proposed. light in the interstellar medium due to the phase difference of the brightness curves of the variable stars obtained by observations in different parts of the spectrum. The scientist discovered the phase delays in darkened stars in the short-wave region of the spectrum, which was independently discovered by the French astronomer Sh. Nordmann at visual observations, and later called the effect of Tikhova-Nordman. He was one of the first to widely apply the method of photovoltaic filters in astronomy. In 1909, on a 30-inch refractor of the Pulkovo Observatory, the astronomer received the first photographs of Mars in different parts of the spectrum and revealed the difference in the size and brightness of his polar caps in various areas of the spectrum, and established the existence of blue smoke in the atmosphere of this planet. In 1909 and 1911 he performed the colorimetric studies of Saturn, and in 1922, similar studies of Uranus and Neptune. In 1914, from the observations of the ashy light of the Moon, it was first established that the Earth, when observing from space, should have a blue hue. In 1915, he proposed a new method for the rapid approximation of the color characteristics of the stars, which uses a lens with a strong chromatic aberration in the photographic region (the "longitudinal spectrograph method"), in 1937 and 1951 published catalogs of colors of about 18,000 stars in selected sites Captain.
He was convinced that geocentric adversary in scientific research, believing that life is a much more common phenomenon in the universe than it is sometimes claimed. Put forward the hypothesis that plants can adapt to harsh climatic conditions, changing their optical properties and increasing (or decreasing) the absorption of solar radiation. Based on the observations of Mars and Venus in different parts of the spectrum, he sought evidence of the existence of vegetation on these planets. For this purpose, a large series of experiments have been performed to determine the reflectivity of terrestrial plants that grow in different climatic conditions, soils and other natural formations. The scientist was convinced of the existence of the vegetation of blue on Mars and assumed the presence of vegetation of yellow-orange color on Venus. He believed that these studies in the boundary between astronomy and botany of the region relate to a new science, which was called "astrobotany".
Studied the optical properties of the earth's atmosphere. In 1912 he proposed the construction of a device for recording and reproduction of flickering eyesight. Being called to the army in 1917, he was busy with the problems of aerial photography - the development of the technique of photographic process, the search for methods for reducing the influence of air fog, optical studies of the natural landscape. In 1936 he discovered an abnormal dispersion of light in the atmosphere, developed an original device ("sapphire cyanometer") to study the color of the day sky.
The scientist participated in 20 scientific expeditions, including 5 expeditions to observe the complete solar eclipse in 1914, 1927, 1936, 1941, and 1945. When observing the eclipse of 1936, it was first noted that the solar crown consists of two parts: a structureless "matte" crown and the "radiant" crown that pierces its jets. Evaluated the color temperature of the crown.
He was one of the pioneers in the theory of gravitational lenses. In 1937 (one year later Einstein, but independently of him), received the formula for the gravitational lens gain factor for light sources with finite angular dimensions.
Astronomer is the author of more than 230 publications.
The name of the astronomer is called the crater on the Moon, the crater on Mars, as well as the small planet 2251, discovered by N. S. Chernykh on September 19, 1977 in the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.
He first formulated the law of interstellar reddening of light.
Main publications:
1. Òèõîâ Ã. À. Óëó÷øåíèå ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêîé è âèçóàëüíîé âîçäóøíîé ðàçâåäêè
2. Òèõîâ Ã. À. Àñòðîôîòîìåòðèÿ-Ïåòðîãðàä: Íàó÷. êíèãîèçä-âî, 1922. - 136 ñ.
3. Òèõîâ Ã. À. Íîâåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî âîïðîñó î ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè íà ïëàíåòå Ìàðñ.- Ìîñêâà :Ïðàâäà, 1948
4. Òèõîâ Ã. À. Àñòðîáîòàíèêà / Ã. À. Òèõîâ. - Àëìà-Àòà : Èçä-âî è òèï. Àêàä. íàóê Êàçàõ. ÑÑÐ, 1949. - 23 ñ
Sources:
1 Äåíü â ³ñòî𳿠àñòðîíî쳿
2 ru.wikipedia.org
3 ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ÐÅÏÐÅÑÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÕ ×ËÅÍΠÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ
4 Íåáîñâîä No11, 2012.-Ñ.22-23
